• Forensic scientists analyze evidence to support the justice system, examining DNA, fingerprints, digital evidence, and toxicology samples before documenting findings and testifying as expert witnesses.
• Forensic science offers diverse career paths, from crime scene investigation to digital forensics, with the American Academy of Forensic Sciences recognizing 12 specialty areas.
• A bachelor’s degree can launch a forensic science career, while a master’s degree is often needed for leadership or specialized laboratory roles.
• Most forensic scientists follow a similar career path: earn a bachelor’s degree, gain hands-on experience, and then pursue certifications or a graduate degree to specialize.
• The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects 13% job growth for forensic science technicians through 2034.

Every piece of evidence tells a story, but only when it is carefully examined and clearly explained. Forensic scientists do that work behind the scenes, using science to answer questions that matter in criminal and civil cases.

If you are drawn to applied science, detailed analysis and work that carries real responsibility, forensic science may be a strong fit. Read on to learn what forensic scientists do and how to prepare for a career in the field.

A forensic scientist is a trained professional who applies scientific methods to analyze evidence used in criminal and civil investigations. Their work helps connect facts to outcomes in the justice system.

Forensic scientists examine materials such as DNA, fingerprints, blood, fibers, firearms, digital data and toxicology samples. They work closely with law enforcement, attorneys and medical examiners to document findings and explain what the evidence shows. In some cases, they also testify as expert witnesses in court.

Many professionals in this field choose a specialty, such as DNA analysis, digital forensics, forensic chemistry or pathology. Regardless of focus area, the work supports public safety and accountability.

For people who enjoy science, problem-solving and detailed work with real-world impact, forensic science offers a clear sense of purpose. It also provides flexibility through multiple career paths and areas of specialization, along with intellectually demanding work that rewards precision and objectivity.

The daily responsibilities of a forensic scientist depend on their role and specialty. That said, most positions share several core duties.

Common responsibilities include:

• Analyzing digital data and physical evidence such as DNA, blood, fibers, drugs and firearms
• Conducting laboratory tests using established scientific procedures
• Documenting findings and maintaining accurate, detailed records
• Preserving evidence integrity through proper handling and chain-of-custody protocols
• Interpreting results and drawing conclusions supported by data
• Writing technical reports used in investigations and court proceedings
• Testifying as an expert witness when required

This work demands consistency, careful documentation and the ability to explain complex findings in clear terms.

Forensic science includes a wide range of careers, each centered on a specific type of evidence or expertise. The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) recognizes 12 major sections that reflect the breadth of the field:

1. Anthropology: Applies the study of human remains to help identify individuals and interpret skeletal evidence
2. Criminalistics: Focuses on the analysis of physical evidence such as DNA, trace materials, firearms and toolmarks
3. Digital and multimedia science: Examines digital evidence, including computers, mobile devices, audio, video and images
4. Engineering and applied sciences: Uses engineering principles to analyze structural failures, accidents and material performance
5. General: Covers interdisciplinary or emerging forensic topics that do not fit neatly into a single specialty
6. Jurisprudence: Explores the intersection of forensic science, law, ethics and legal procedures
7. Forensic nursing science: Applies nursing practice to the collection of evidence and care of patients involved in legal cases
8. Odontology: Uses dental records and oral evidence to assist with identification and bite mark analysis
9. Pathology/biology: Examines biological evidence and causes of injury or death through medical and laboratory analysis
10. Psychiatry and behavioral science: Studies mental health, behavior and competency as they relate to legal matters
11. Questioned documents: Analyzes handwriting, signatures and documents to assess authenticity and alterations
12. Toxicology: Identifies and interprets drugs, alcohol and poisons found in biological samples

Many careers fall within these sections, ranging from field-based roles to highly specialized laboratory work. The examples below highlight a few common careers across several areas to give you a clearer sense of how these categories translate into real-world jobs.

These roles focus on identifying, collecting and preserving evidence at scenes and may include job titles such as:

• Crime scene investigator (CSI): Documents scenes, collects physical evidence and ensures proper handling for lab analysis
• Evidence technician: Manages evidence intake, storage and tracking
• Forensic photographer: Captures detailed visual records of crime scenes and evidence

These professionals analyze evidence in controlled lab environments and may include:

• Forensic scientist: Conducts tests on physical evidence and prepares reports
• Forensic DNA analyst: Specializes in DNA extraction, profiling and interpretation
• Forensic toxicologist: Analyzes bodily fluids for drugs, alcohol or poisons

These careers examine the human body and biological materials, with common roles including:

• Forensic pathologist: Determines cause and manner of death through autopsies
• Forensic anthropologist: Analyzes skeletal remains
• Forensic odontologist: Uses dental records for identification

These roles focus on electronic data and cyber-related evidence and include:

• Digital forensics analyst: Examines computers, servers and digital storage devices
• Cybercrime investigator: Investigates online criminal activity
• Mobile device forensics specialist: Recovers data from phones and tablets

These professionals study behavior related to criminal activity:

• Forensic psychologist: Evaluates mental health factors in legal cases
• Forensic psychiatrist: Assesses competency and criminal responsibility
• Criminal profiler: Analyzes behavioral patterns to assist investigations

These roles apply forensic expertise within legal and consulting settings:

• Forensic consultant: Advises legal teams on evidence interpretation
• Forensic document examiner: Analyzes handwriting, signatures and altered documents

New technologies continue to shape the field, with emerging roles such as:

• Forensic data analyst: Uses large datasets to support investigations
• Environmental forensic scientist: Investigates environmental contamination cases
• Forensic accounting specialist: Examines financial records for fraud

Most forensic science careers require at least a bachelor’s degree in forensic science or a related discipline such as biology, chemistry or biochemistry. Coursework in laboratory science, statistics and criminal justice is often preferred.

A master’s degree, such as Marshall’s M.S. in Forensic Science, may be required for advanced, leadership or highly specialized roles. Graduating from an accredited program, such as those recognized by the Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission, can strengthen job prospects.

Successful forensic scientists typically demonstrate:

• Strong analytical and critical thinking skills
• Close attention to detail
• Ability to follow strict procedures
• Clear written and verbal communication skills
• Logical problem-solving abilities
• Comfort working with data, lab instruments and technology
• Emotional discipline when handling sensitive material

Many specialties offer professional certifications through organizations such as the American Board of Criminalistics (ABC). Continuing education is often required to maintain credentials and stay current with evolving methods.

Background checks and security clearances may also be necessary, depending on the employer. Internships, lab work and research experience can help candidates build practical skills early.

Becoming a forensic scientist takes planning, patience and steady skill-building. While individual paths vary, most professionals follow a similar progression.

1. Earn an undergraduate degree in forensic science or a related field such as biology or chemistry. This provides the scientific foundation needed for lab-based work.
2. Complete applied training through internships at crime labs, medical examiner offices or law enforcement agencies to gain exposure to real forensic environments.
3. Develop core technical skills, including laboratory procedures, evidence documentation and data analysis, which are used daily in forensic roles.
4. Gain entry-level experience in positions such as lab technician, forensic assistant or trainee to build confidence and professional credibility.
5. Pursue professional certifications when available for your area of specialization, as these can strengthen job applications and advancement opportunities.
6. Consider a graduate degree if you plan to specialize, pursue leadership roles or work in advanced forensic laboratories.
7. Choose a focus area, such as DNA analysis, toxicology or digital forensics, based on your interests and strengths.
8. Stay current through continuing education, including workshops, conferences and training on new tools and techniques.
9. Apply for forensic scientist positions and be prepared to complete background checks and security screenings as part of the hiring process.

Forensic scientists work in a range of settings, depending on their specialty and career focus. Some roles support active investigations, while others concentrate on laboratory analysis, research or consulting work. This flexibility enables professionals to find environments that match their skills and interests.

Professionals in the forensic science field often find employment in settings such as:

• Government agencies such as the FBI, DEA and ATF
• Local and state law enforcement agencies
• Public or private forensic laboratories
• Hospitals and medical facilities
• Medical examiner or coroner offices
• Colleges and universities focused on teaching or research
• Private consulting firms and corporations

For students considering a career in forensic science, long-term job stability and earning potential are often key parts of the decision. Current labor data points to steady demand for trained professionals across the field.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment of forensic science technicians is projected to grow 13% from 2024 to 2034. About 2,900 openings are expected each year, on average, over that period, including positions created by retirements and career changes.

Salary varies based on role, employer, education, experience and location. The BLS lists the average salary at $67,440, with higher averages in state government roles at $71,180, excluding education and hospitals. ZipRecruiter reports an average salary of $79,408.

Becoming a forensic scientist can be challenging, but it is very achievable for anyone passionate about this career sector. The field requires a strong science background, patience and careful attention to detail. Many professionals find the structure and investigative nature of the work rewarding.

People who tend to thrive in forensic science careers include:

• Those who like structured/investigative work and lab environments
• Strong critical thinkers with solid writing skills
• Those who are detail-oriented and comfortable following strict protocols

With commitment and the right education, the path is manageable and fulfilling.

At Marshall University, the M.S. in Forensic Science program is built for students who want strong scientific training paired with real laboratory experience.

The program is a FEPAC-accredited, two-year master’s degree with a five-semester curriculum. Students can choose between thesis and non-thesis options and select an area of emphasis that aligns with their professional goals.

Areas of emphasis include:

• Crime scene investigation
• Digital forensics
• DNA analysis
• Forensic chemistry

While one area of emphasis is required, Marshall students may complete all four within the standard course sequence.

A defining feature of the program is access to the Marshall University Forensic Science Center. On-site research and service laboratories enable students to practice in environments that reflect professional forensic settings, including accredited forensic testing and DNA data testing labs.

The program is nationally recognized for student outcomes. According to the American Board of Criminalistics, Marshall forensic science graduate students have earned the highest average scores in the nation on the Forensic Science Assessment Test for 13 of the past 15 years. The program has also been ranked among the top forensic science graduate programs in the country.

With applied lab work, experienced faculty and a supportive academic community, Marshall prepares graduates for a wide range of roles across the forensic science field.